Figure 1. One-year-old crossbreed, non-ambulatory paraparetic, with decreased anal and tail tone, absent perineal reflex. Laterolateral (a and b) and ventrodorsal (d and c), pre- and postoperative radiographs of the L4 vertebral body fracture with luxation of the L4–L5 articular process joints on both sides, representing disruption of all three vertebral compartments.

Vertebral fractures and luxations in dogs and cats part 2: treatment and surgery options

Minimal neurological deficits, medically manageable spinal pain and lack of spinal instability in cases of vertebral fractures and luxations usually do not require surgical intervention and can be...