The veterinary nurse's diagnostic assessment of the small animal cardiac patient

Diagnostic tests are needed to either diagnose conditions, assess severity or stage of disease, identify concurrent disease, select appropriate treatment or assess the efficacy of therapy. Physical...

Infective endocarditis in dogs and cats

The normal endocardium is resistant to adherence of pathogens, but it can become susceptible when damaged. Mechanical or inflammatory lesions can cause bacterial seeding within the endothelium. In one...

CPD article: Sedation and general anaesthesia of the portosystemic shunt patient

A portosystemic shunt connects the portal circulation to the central circulation, bypassing the liver (Watson, 2014 a). The normal liver receives blood leaving the digestive tract via the hepatic...