Understanding the pharmaceutical approach to pain management in canine osteoarthritis

Identifying the ‘type’ of pain requiring management will enable an appropriate choice of analgesia. Inflammatory nociception is always present in osteoarthritis. Indicators of pain and pathology will...

Anaesthesia of the patient with chronic kidney disease

In order to fulfil all its functions, each kidney filters a large amount of water and solutes from the blood, reabsorbing the substances needed and secreting the waste products into the convoluted...